Codex Calixtinus

Codex Calixtinus

The Codex Calixtinus (fl. c. 1140-1181) is the proper name of an illuminated manuscript from the mid-12th century containing the oldest known text of the Liber Sancti Iacobi (c. 1140-1160).

Liber Sancti Iacobi

Although the Liber Sancti Iacobi is sometimes called the Codex Calixtinus, the two concepts are not identical. The Liber Sancti Iacobi represents the content of the book, of which several manuscripts were copied over the centuries (bindings that have sometimes been given different proper names), with varied and inconsistent content. The oldest and most notable codex or manuscript containing the Liber Sancti Iacobi is known by the proper name Codex Calixtinus (c. 1140) and is the one kept at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.

The compilation known as the Liber Sancti Iacobi was written at different times and independently, and may already have taken shape by around the year 1140.

History of the Codex Calixtinus

The Codex Calixtinus was copied by at least four hands, two of them very similar. The main author is known as Scriptor I. Authorship by Aymeric Picaud, a 12th-century French priest, is disputed today. The work is likely due to the cathedral or episcopal school of Santiago, which in the 12th century welcomed teachers and students from various countries.

The original manuscript consisted of 27 gatherings: the first was a quinion and the rest were quaternions. Even in early times, changes were made to some gatherings that altered the codex’s structure. Later, around the 15th century, folio 220 was lost, which would originally have been blank and belonged to the last gathering. A folio, also blank, preceding what is now folio 1 must also have been lost. If this is true, the manuscript had, as was usual, a blank first and last folio serving as flyleaves.

Later, perhaps during the binding carried out at the end of the 12th century, a second appendix (Appendix II) was added to the codex’s original structure.

Book IV was separated from the manuscript in 1609, which caused damage to gatherings 20, 21 and 24. Both volumes were bound separately by Alonso Rodriguez Leon. Book IV was finally reattached during the 1966 restoration, which required several repairs to the manuscript. In the same restoration, the larger pages that stood out from the rest were trimmed.

The marginal notes left in the manuscript by the canons of Compostela show that the codex was used and read continuously, at least until the mid-16th century. However, it seems that by the early 17th century interest in the manuscript had waned, and it fell into obscurity for many years.

In the second half of the 19th century, the manuscript was rediscovered by the canon archivist of Compostela Cathedral, Antonio Lopez Ferreiro. It was, however, made publicly known by the Jesuit Fidel Fita and Aureliano Fernandez Guerra. In 1879, they travelled to Santiago on a study and pilgrimage trip. The following year, in 1880, they published a book about their trip to Santiago (Recuerdos de un viaje a Santiago de Galicia), devoting chapter X onward to the description and study of the Codex Calixtinus. The book included a photograph of the hymn Dum Paterfamilias and a transcription of its text, as well as several verses of the hymn Ad honorem Regis summi. In 1882, Father Fidel Fita published the last book of the Codex — then Book IV — in Paris.

Structure of the Codex Calixtinus

The Codex Calixtinus comprises five books and two appendices, a total of 225 parchment folios written on both sides, measuring 295 x 214 mm. With few exceptions, the text runs in a single column, with 34 lines per page.

The codex is structured as follows:

Folio	Old Numbering	Book	Latin Title	Description
f. 1 – 2v				Letter of Pope Calixtus II
f. 2v – 139		Book I	Anthologia liturgica	Book of Liturgies
f. 139v – 155v		Book II	De miraculi sancti Jacobi	Book of Miracles
f. 156 – 162v		Book III	Liber de translatione corporis sancti Jacobi ad Compostellam	Translation of the Body to Santiago
f. 163 – 191	f. 1 – 29 (separate volume)	Book IV	L’Historia Karoli Magni et Rotholandi	Conquests of Charlemagne
f. 192 – 213v	f. 163 – 184v	Book V	Iter pro peregrinis ad Compostellam	Pilgrim’s Guide
f. 214 – 219v	f. 185 – 190v	Appendix I		Contains polyphonic works
f. 220	f. 191			(missing)
f. 221 – 225	f. 192 – 196	Appendix II		Added after the manuscript’s original composition

The first book is liturgical in nature, the second hagiographical, the third and fourth historical, and the fifth, which achieved the greatest fame, is a kind of Pilgrim’s Guide.

Codex Calixtinus – Letter of Pope Calixtus II

This forms the beginning of the codex, occupying its first two folios. The author claims to be Pope Calixtus II and recounts how he gathered numerous testimonies of miracles performed by Saint James the Greater “travelling through harsh lands and provinces for 14 years”. He also explains how the manuscript survived every possible danger, from fires to floods. The letter is addressed to “the most holy assembly of the basilica of Cluny” and to “Diego Gelmirez, Archbishop of Compostela”.

It is believed the copyists included this letter at the start of the manuscript to lend greater weight to their work, with any direct involvement of the Pope, who had already died in 1124, entirely ruled out.

Contents:

Folio	Contents
1	Prologue
1-2v	Letter of Pope Calixtus

Book I of the Codex Calixtinus — Book of Liturgies

(Anthologia liturgica)

This makes up almost half of the entire manuscript and forms the core of the Liber. It contains the following elements:

• 17 sermons for the feasts of Saint James
• 2 accounts of the martyrdom of the Apostle Saint James
• 2 offices: for the vigil of the feast of Saint James (24 July) and for the feasts of Saint James (25 July and 30 December).
• 2 masses for the same days: Mass of the Vigil of Saint James (24 July) and Mass of the feast of Saint James (25 July).
• Instructions for the masses of each day of the octave of the July feasts
• A mass for the feast of the Miracles (3 October)
• A mass for the feast of the Translation (30 December) and additional pieces for its octave.

Both the offices and the masses carry musical notation.

At the end of Book I is a Gregorian supplement, also with musical notation, which includes:

• 2 Benedicamus Domino
• 4 conductus
• A Missa farcida attributed to Fulbert of Chartres for use on either feast of Saint James (25 July and 30 December). It is enriched with tropes and would have included staging elements for a theatrical performance of the mass.

The existence of two different feasts dedicated to the Apostle Saint James, 25 July and 30 December, is explained by the introduction of the Roman rite in place of the Hispanic rite at the end of the 11th century. Since its founding in the 9th century, the Church of Santiago had followed the liturgical practice then in force in the Hispanic church. In the liturgical calendar of the Asturian-Leonese church, a single feast dedicated to Saint James the Greater was celebrated on 30 December, a day for which a specific liturgy had come to be developed. In the Roman calendar, however, the feast of Saint James was celebrated on 25 July. With the adoption of the new rite, the church of Compostela accepted the Roman calendar’s feast of Saint James on 25 July, provided the 30 December feast was also retained. Thus, 25 July was kept for the celebration of Saint James’s passion, as in the rest of the West, and 30 December for the celebration of his calling and the Translation of the apostle’s body to Santiago.

Between these two feasts, the feast of the miracles of Saint James was later introduced, on 3 October. This feast is attributed to the initiative of Saint Anselm and was later moved to 5 October.

It should be noted that the Office of Matins for the feasts of Saint James on 25 July and 30 December is monastic rather than canonical — that is, it comprises 12 (13) antiphons and 12 responsories instead of 9 antiphons and 9 responsories — so it may have been prepared for the old monastic community of Compostela rather than for the Cathedral (see further below, in the section on musical notation, the possibility that the musical part was prepared by the Benedictine monks of Vezelay).

Contents:

Folio	Chapter	Contents
2v-3v	Index	Index of the 31 chapters
Sermons and Passions
4-6v	Chapter I	Sermon of Bede the Venerable, priest, for the vigil (24 July): Quoniam beati Jacobi vigilias
6v-18	Chapter II	Exposition of Pope Calixtus for the vigil (24 July): Vigiliae noctis sacratissimae
18	Chapter III	12 Blessings of Pope Calixtus for the readings of Saint James: Adsit nobis gratia Dei
18-19v	Chapter IV	Prologue of Calixtus and lesser passion of Saint James (25 July): Gaio quatuor annis
19v-24v	Chapter V	Sermon of Pope Calixtus on the passion of Saint James (25 July): Celebritatis sacratissime
24v-31	Chapter VI	Second sermon by the same Pope Calixtus for 25 July: Spiritali igitur jocunditate
31-44v	Chapter VII	Exposition by the same Pope Calixtus for 25 July: Adest nobis, dilectissimi fratres
44v-47v	Chapter VIII	Homily of Bede the Venerable for 25 July: Dominus conditor ac redemptor noster
47v-53	Chapter IX	Prologue of Calixtus and greater passion of Saint James: Post Ascensionem Dominicam ad celos apostolus Domini nostri lhesu Christi
53-55v	Chapter X	Exposition of Saint Jerome for 26 July, second day of the octave of Saint James: Apostolica sollempnia veneranda
55v-57	Chapter XI	Exposition of the same Saint Jerome for 27 July, third day of the octave of Saint James: Quare Petrus et Jacobus
57-64	Chapter XII	Exposition of Pope Calixtus for 28 July, fourth day of the octave of Saint James: Preclara sollempnia
64-65	Chapter XIII	Exposition of Saint Jerome for 29 July, fifth day of the octave of Saint James: In presenti capitula ostenditur
65v-67	Chapter XIV	Homily of Pope Gregory for 30 July, sixth day of the octave of Saint James: Quia natalem beati lacobi apostoli et martiris
67-71v	Chapter XV	Sermon of Saint Maximus, bishop, for 31 July, seventh day of the octave of Saint James: Exultemus in Domino, dilectissimi, et congruis honoribus
72-74	Chapter XVI	Expositions of Saints Jerome and Maximus for 31 July, seventh day of the octave of Saint James: Sollempnitatem hodiernam
74-93v	Chapter XVII	Sermon of Pope Calixtus for 30 December: Veneranda dies
93v-95	Chapter XVIII	Homily of Pope Gregory for 30 December: Audistis, fratres karissimi, quia
95-98	Chapter XIX	Exposition of Pope Calixtus for 30 December: Sollempnia sacra presentia
98-101	Chapter XX	Expositions of Saints Jerome, Augustine, Gregory and Calixtus for 5 January: Festivitatem electionis et translationis
Offices (with musical notation)
101	Chapter XXI	Chapters of Pope Calixtus on the vigil of Saint James and the day of his passion (24 and 25 July): Iacobus Dei et Domini nostri Ihesu Christi servus
101v-103v	Chapter XXII	Office of the vigil (24 July), by Calixtus
103v-114	Chapter XXIII	Office of 25 July and 30 December, by Calixtus
Masses (with musical notation)
114-116v	Chapter XXIV	Mass of Pope Calixtus to be sung on the vigil of Saint James (24 July) at the hour of nones, with its accessories.
116v-118	Chapter XXV	Verses (17 different ones) of Pope Calixtus to be sung in the procession of Saint James on both his solemnities (25 July and 30 December)
118-122v	Chapter XXVI	Mass of the same Pope Calixtus to be recited on the day of the passion of Saint James (25 July), with its accessories.
122v	Chapter XXVII	Mass of the same Pope Calixtus to be sung regularly at every mass for the pilgrims of Saint James.
	Chapter XXVIII	Seven masses of the same Pope Calixtus to be sung on each successive day of the octave of the feast of Saint James:
122v-124		Mass for 26 July (second day of the octave)
124-127v		Masses for 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 July and 1 August
128 (added)		Mass for the feast of the miracles (3 October)
129	Chapter XXIX	Chapters of the same Pope Calixtus to be recited at the translation of Saint James (30 December)
129v-130r	Chapter XXX	Mass of Pope Calixtus to be sung on the feast of the translation of Saint James (Masses of 30 December and 5 January).
Gregorian Supplement (with musical notation)
130-131		Benedicamus sancti Iacobi: Exultet celi curia
131-132v		4 conductus of Saint James
132v-139	Chapter XXXI	Missa farcida of Saint James, which may be sung on the feasts of 25 July and 30 December
139		Benedicamus sancti Iacobi: Regi perennis glorie, by a Galician teacher

Book II of the Codex Calixtinus — Book of Miracles

(De miraculi sancti Jacobi)

It contains a collection of 22 miracles attributed to the Apostle Saint James, worked in various regions of Europe. In content, it closely resembles other miracle collections gathered over the 11th and 12th centuries. It occupies 16 folios (f. 139v – 155v) and is, by size, the second-smallest book. Before the miracles it includes a short prologue — supposedly written by Pope Calixtus II — and an index. As the codex states, the 22 miracles were recorded by Pope Calixtus II (18), Anselm of Canterbury (2), Bede the Venerable (1) and Master Hubert (1).

The miracles are as follows:

Folio	Chapter	Contents
139v-140	Prologue	Argument of Pope Calixtus
140-141	Index	Index of the 22 miracle chapters
141-155v	Account of the 22 miracles:
	Chapter I	Of the twenty men the Apostle freed from Moabite captivity. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter II	Of the man whose mention of a sin was erased by divine act upon the altar of Saint James. (Bede the Venerable)
	Chapter III	Of the child the Apostle raised from the dead in the Montes de Oca. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter IV	Of the thirty men of Lorraine and of the dead man the Apostle carried in a single night from the passes of Cize to his monastery. (Master Hubert, canon of Besancon)
	Chapter V	Of the hanged pilgrim whom Saint James saved from death, though he hung on the gallows for thirty-six days. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter VI	Of the man from Poitou to whom the Apostle sent an angel in the form of a donkey to help him. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter VII	Of the Frisian sailor, whom, dressed in his helmet and shield, the Apostle drew up from the depths of the sea. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter VIII	Of the bishop who, saved from danger at sea, composed a responsory to Saint James. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter IX	Of the soldier of Tiberias to whom the Apostle gave the power to defeat the Turks and freed him from illness and from danger at sea. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter X	Of the pilgrim who fell into the sea and whom the Apostle carried to port, holding him by the neck for three days. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XI	Of Bernard, whom the Apostle miraculously freed from prison. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XII	Of the knight whom the Apostle freed from an illness by the touch of a shell. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XIII	Of the knight Dalmatius, to whom the Apostle rendered justice through the pilgrim Raimbert. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XIV	Of the merchant whom the Apostle freed from prison. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XV	Of the knight whom Saint James saved in war, when his companions were already dead or taken prisoner. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XVI	Of the knight who, in the agony of death and oppressed by demons, was freed by the Apostle by means of a beggar’s staff and a young woman’s small purse. (Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury)
	Chapter XVII	Of the pilgrim who, for love of the Apostle, killed himself at the devil’s instigation, and whom Saint James brought back from death to life, with the help of the Holy Mother of God. (Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury)
	Chapter XVIII	Of the Count of Saint-Gilles, for whom the Apostle opened the iron doors of his oratory. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XIX	Of Stephen, a Greek bishop, to whom Saint James appeared and revealed unknown future events. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XX	Of William, a captive knight, whom a count struck on his bare neck with his sword without being able to wound him. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XXI	Of the crippled man to whom the holy Apostle appeared in his basilica and immediately restored to full health. (Pope Calixtus)
	Chapter XXII	Of the man who was sold thirteen times and freed by the Apostle just as many times. (Pope Calixtus)

Book III of the Codex Calixtinus — Translation of the Body to Santiago

(Liber de translatione corporis sancti Jacobi ad Compostellam)

This is the shortest book, at just 6 folios (f. 156 – 162v). It too begins with a prologue and a summary, followed by four chapters. It recounts the evangelisation of Spain by the Apostle Saint James and the later “translation” of his body from Jerusalem to Galicia and, finally, to the site of his tomb. It also tells of the custom among the earliest pilgrims of gathering shells on the Galician coast.

It contains the following chapters:

Folio	Chapter	Contents
155v-156	Index	Index of the 4 chapters
156	Prologue	Begins the prologue of the blessed Pope Calixtus on the great translation of Saint James.
156v-159	Chapter I	Begins the translation of the Apostle Saint James, brother of the apostle and evangelist Saint John, celebrated on the thirtieth of December, and how he was carried from Jerusalem to Galicia.
159-160	Chapter II	Begins the letter of Pope Saint Leo on the translation of Saint James the Apostle, celebrated on the thirtieth of December.
160-162	Chapter III	Calixtus, pope, on the three solemnities of Saint James.
162	Chapter IV	On the shells of Saint James.
162-162v		Miniatures (appearance of Saint James to Charlemagne, scenes from the chronicle: departure for Spain, return to Aix-la-Chapelle)

Book IV of the Codex Calixtinus — Conquests of Charlemagne

(L’Historia Karoli Magni et Rotholandi)

This is the second-largest book, occupying 28 folios (f. 163 – 191). It comprises 26 chapters. In 1609, this book was removed from the manuscript, forming a new volume titled “Historia Turpini”. It was finally reattached to the Codex Calixtinus during its restoration, in 1966.

It is written in prose by an anonymous cleric of French origin, probably in the first half of the 12th century. Following medieval custom, its authorship is attributed to Turpin (748-794), a former monk and treasurer of Saint-Denis, who became Archbishop of Reims and even features among the “Twelve Peers” of Charlemagne in the Song of Roland. For this reason, the book is known to historians as the “Pseudo-Turpin”.

It focuses on the chronicle of Archbishop Turpin and recounts Charlemagne’s entry into the Peninsula, the defeat at Roncesvalles, and the death of Roland. It tells how Saint James appeared to Charlemagne in his dreams, urging him to free his tomb from the Muslims and showing him the way to follow: a path of stars.

It contains the following chapters:

Folio	Chapter	Contents
163 [1]	Prologue	Letter of Turpin
163v-164 [1v-2]	Index	Index of the 26 chapters
164-165 [2-3]	Chapter I	Of the Apostle’s appearance to Charlemagne
165 [3]	Chapter II	Of the walls of Pamplona, which collapsed of their own accord
165v-166 [3v-4]	Chapter III	Of the names of the Spanish cities conquered
166-166v [4-4v]	Chapter IV	Of the idol Mohammed
166v [4v]	Chapter V	Of the churches Charlemagne built
166v [4v]	Chapter VI	Of Aigolandus
167 [5]	Chapter VII	Of the example of the dead man’s alms
167v-168 [5v-6]	Chapter VIII	Of the Battle of Sahagun, where the lances flowered
168-169 [6-7]	Chapter IX	Of the city of Agen
169-169v [7-7v]	Chapter X	Of the city of Saintes, where the lances flowered
169v-170v [7v-8v]	Chapter XI	Of the soldiers of Charlemagne’s armies
170v-171v [8v-9v]	Chapter XII	Of the dispute between Charlemagne and Aigolandus
171v-172v [9v-10v]	Chapter XIII	Of the poor
172v-173 [10v-11]	Chapter XIV	Of the death of King Aigolandus
173 [11]	Chapter XV	Of the Christians who turned back in search of unlawful plunder
173-173v [11-11v]	Chapter XVI	Of the battle with Furre
173v-176v [11v-14v]	Chapter XVII	Of the battle with the giant Ferragut and the excellent dispute of Roland
176v-177v [14v-15v]	Chapter XVIII	Of the battle of the masks
177v-178v [15v-16v]	Chapter XIX	Of Charlemagne’s council
178v-179 [16v-17]	Chapter XX	Of the person and strength of Charlemagne
179-185v [17-23v]	Chapter XXI	Of the Battle of Roncesvalles, and of the death of Roland and other combatants
185v-188v [23v-26v]	Chapter XXII	Of the death of Charlemagne
188-189 [26v- 27]	Chapter XXIII	Of the miracle God deigned to perform through Roland’s intercession in the city of Gratianopolis (Grenoble ?)
189v-190 [27v-28]	Chapter XXIV	Of the death of Turpin and the finding of his body (Calixtus, pope)
190-190v [28-28v]	Chapter XXV	Of Almanzor of Cordoba (Calixtus, pope)
190v-191v [28v-29v]	Chapter XXVI	Of the crusade of Spain (Letter of Pope Calixtus)

Book V of the Codex Calixtinus — Pilgrim’s Guide

(Iter pro peregrinis ad Compostellam)

The book’s chapters are as follows:

Folio	Chapter	Contents
192 [163]		Argument of the Holy Pope Calixtus and index of the 11 chapters
192-192v [163-163v]	Chapter I	Of the roads of Santiago
192v [163v]	Chapter II	Of the stages of the road to Santiago (Calixtus, Pope)
192v-193v [163v-164v]	Chapter III	Of the names of the towns on the Camino de Santiago
193v [164v]	Chapter IV	Of the three hospices of the world
193v [164v]	Chapter V	Of the names of some who repaired the road to Santiago. (By Aimeric)
193v-194v [164v-165v]	Chapter VI	Of the good and bad rivers found on the road to Santiago. (Calixtus, Pope)
194v-197v [165v-168v]	Chapter VII	Of the names of the lands and the particular traits of the peoples found along the Camino de Santiago
197v-207 [168v-178]	Chapter VIII	Of the bodies of the saints resting along the way, who should be visited by pilgrims. Begins the martyrdom of Saint Eutropius, Bishop of Saintes and martyr
207-212v [178-183v]	Chapter IX	Of the character of the city and basilica of Santiago, apostle of Galicia. (Calixtus, pope, and Aimeric, chancellor) Sections:   Of the churches of the town Of the measurements of the church Of the windows Of the porches Of the fountain of Saint James Of the paradise of the city Of the northern door Of the southern door Of the western door Of the towers of the cathedral Of the altars of the cathedral Of the body and altar of Saint James Of the silver altar-front Of the ciborium over the Apostle’s altar Of the three lamps Of the dignity of the church of Santiago and its canons Of the stonemasons of the church and the start and end of their work Of the dignity of the church of Santiago
212v-213 [183v-184]	Chapter X	Of the number of canons of Santiago
213-213v [184-184v]	Chapter XI	Of how the pilgrims of Santiago should be received
213v [184v]		End of the fifth book of the Apostle Saint James

Appendix I of the Codex Calixtinus — Polyphonic Works

This is a gathering of 6 folios (214-219v, or 185-190v in the old numbering) with 22 polyphonic compositions. It was probably written shortly after the body of the codex, but before 1180. From a musical point of view, it is the most important part of the manuscript (see the music section for more information).

Appendix II of the Codex Calixtinus

This appendix was added to the manuscript at a point after its original composition, possibly during the binding carried out at the end of the 12th century. It consists of five leaves (f. 221-225, or 192-196 in the old numbering): a bifolio containing a false bull of Innocent II and several loose folios. They are copied by different scribes and contain various texts, notably some miracles attributed to Saint James. It also contains the hymn of the pilgrims of Santiago, Dum pater familias.

In the bull of Innocent II, on folio 221, it is implied that the person responsible for and author of the codex is the Cluniac monk Aymeric Picaud, companion of Pope Calixtus II on his pilgrimage to Santiago in the year 1109. According to the text, around 1140, Aymeric deposited the codex at the Cathedral of Santiago, which would be the first copy of the Liber. All of this is questioned by historians, since, among other reasons, the bifolio containing the bull was not part of the original codex but was added later, as already noted.

The appendix’s contents are as follows:

Folio	Contents
221 [192]	Bull of Innocent II
221 [192v]	Miracle of Brun of Vezelay (1139) written by Alberic, Abbot of Vezelay, Bishop of Ostia and legate of Rome
221v [192v]	Alleluia in greco, with musical notation
222 [193]	Hymn Dum pater familias, with musical notation (Song of the Pilgrims)
222-222v [193-193v]	Hymn Signa sunt nobis sacra (see notes in the list of musical works)
223 [194]	Miracle of Saint James, of the resurrected child, year 1164
223 [194]	Another miracle: Miracle of Saint James, of the twisted limb of a Viscount’s son, known in the lands of Poitiers
223v [194v]	Miracle of Saint James, of the liberation of Christians and the flight of Saracens from Portugal (1190), in three readings for the Matins of the feast of 3 October
224 [195]	Prayer of Master G (Gocelin or Gautier?)
224-224v [195-195v]	6 readings for the office, according to Pope Leo and Master Panicha, on the translation of Saint James
224v [195v]	Appearance of Saint James to the monk Oldier of Clairvaux: Telle est ta justice
224v-225 [195v-196]	Miracle of Saint James, of a cripple healed at the time of the feast of the translation (30 December) (two versions)
225 [196]	Vision of a certain Foulques, of Montreuil, pilgrim to Santiago twelve and thirteen times
225v [196v]	Copy of the hymn Signa sunt nobis sacra